What was the impact of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 on Indigenous nations and U.S. expansion?

• A. It secured Indigenous lands and expanded treaty-based sovereignty.
• B. Forced relocations (e.g., Trail of Tears), devastating losses of land, culture, and life for Indigenous peoples and facilitating white settlement and national expansion.
• C. It had no significant consequences.
• D. It promoted joint Indigenous-European governance.

Answer: (B)